Dive into the fascinating history of the Sikh Empire, the last major indigenous power in India before British colonial rule. This comprehensive exploration unveils the remarkable leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, famously known as the "Lion of Punjab," whose vision transformed the Punjab region into a prosperous and united empire. Learn how this iconic empire navigated turbulent times, resisted invasions, and fostered inclusivity, unity, and progress. This video covers the rise of the Sikh Empire, tracing its origins during the decline of the Mughal Empire and the threats posed by Afghan incursions. It highlights Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s extraordinary military strategies, diplomatic acumen, and inclusive governance. Discover how he modernized his army with the help of French and Italian generals, introduced gold and silver Nanakshahi coins, and strengthened the cultural and spiritual heritage of Punjab, including the iconic transformation of the Harmandir Sahib into the Golden Temple. Explore the empire’s revolutionary water resource management, leveraging the fertile lands of Punjab’s five rivers—Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej—for agricultural prosperity. This video also discusses how these practices laid the groundwork for modern irrigation systems and influenced the region’s development under British rule. Understand the critical treaties, including the Treaty of Amritsar, that defined the Sikh Empire’s relations with the British East India Company. Delve into the conflicts, such as the Anglo-Sikh Wars, that led to the empire’s eventual annexation in 1849, marking a turning point in South Asian history. Gain insights into how the Sikh Empire’s legacy shaped contemporary issues like water-sharing disputes and the Indus Waters Treaty. From the historic Koh-i-Noor diamond to the modern implications of resource management, this video connects past and present, offering valuable lessons for leadership, sustainability, and international cooperation. If you're passionate about Indian history, heritage, international relations, and the enduring impact of visionary leadership, this video is a must-watch. Subscribe now and explore the rich history of the Sikh Empire, its achievements, and its lasting influence on South Asia and the world.

This Paper proposes a comprehensive analysis of the landmark case "Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation)" before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). This case epitomizes the intricate overlay of legal frameworks addressing terrorism financing, racial discrimination, and their broader implications on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ESCR), as well as other human rights violations and crimes. The paper begins by outlining the foundational aspects of the case, where Ukraine accuses the Russian Federation of violating the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism by purportedly providing funds, weapons, and other forms of support to illegal armed groups. These groups have committed acts of terrorism in Ukrainian territory, including the tragic downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17. Concurrently, Ukraine alleges violations of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, asserting that Russia has engaged in systematic discrimination against Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar communities, particularly in the annexed region of Crimea. Our analysis then delves into the procedural and substantive legal arguments presented by both Ukraine and the Russian Federation, highlighting the novel legal questions raised by the case regarding the interpretation and application of the two conventions. It emphasizes the ICJ's role in interpreting these international instruments within the context of contemporary geopolitical conflicts and the challenges posed by asymmetric warfare and non-state actors. Furthermore, the paper explores the connections between violations of the conventions and broader human rights concerns, particularly focusing on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ESCR). It argues that the financing of terrorism and racial discrimination have far-reaching implications for the realization of ESCR, as they can exacerbate poverty, hinder access to education and healthcare, and disrupt social cohesion. By undermining the economic and social infrastructure, these violations perpetuate a cycle of deprivation and discrimination that extends beyond the immediate victims. Additionally, the analysis extends to the interrelation between the alleged violations and other forms of human rights abuses, including the potential for acts of terrorism to constitute crimes against humanity, and the systemic discrimination against ethnic groups to trigger international concerns over genocide and ethnic cleansing. It critically examines how the intersectionality of human rights violations requires a holistic approach to international law that encompasses the protection of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. The paper concludes by reflecting on the broader implications of the case for international legal practice and the enforcement of international human rights norms. It underscores the importance of international judicial mechanisms in addressing complex human rights issues and the need for robust international cooperation to prevent the financing of terrorism and eliminate racial discrimination. The case study serves as a pivotal reference point for understanding the dynamic interplay between different facets of international law and human rights, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for advancing global justice and human dignity.

In this video, we explore the significance of remembrance and its portrayal through broadcasters. How do they shape collective memory, and what happens when remembrance fades? Join us as we delve into the language of remembrance—vergangugeisverithgung—and examine its role in shaping narratives, preserving history, and addressing the gaps left by a lack of remembrance.

Trade has emerged as a critical growth engine in Southeast Asia, generating welfare, creating jobs, and alleviating poverty. The dynamic growth in services trade, driven by digitalization and new technologies, presents vast opportunities in one of the world's most economically vibrant regions. However, this growth is accompanied by challenges such as regulatory complexities and geopolitical tensions. International investment arbitrations and ad hoc courts and tribunals play a pivotal role in navigating these opportunities and challenges International investment arbitrations provide a framework for resolving disputes that arise between investors and states, ensuring that foreign investments are protected and disputes are resolved impartially. For instance, the case of Sanum Investments v. Laos highlighted the importance of investment arbitration under the China-Laos Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT). The tribunal's decision provided clarity on the BIT's application and underscored the role of arbitration in safeguarding investor rights in Southeast Asia. Another significant case is Beijing Urban Construction Group Co. Ltd. v. Yemen, where the investor sought redress under the China-Yemen BIT. Although Yemen is not in Southeast Asia, this case is pertinent due to the involvement of a Chinese company and reflects the broader application of investment treaties in protecting Asian investors' interests abroad, which in turn bolsters confidence in Southeast Asia’s investment landscape. Ad hoc courts and tribunals also contribute significantly to the services trade landscape in Southeast Asia. These institutions address disputes on a case-by-case basis, allowing for flexibility and adaptability in resolving complex trade and investment issues. For example, the UNCITRAL arbitration case between Indonesia and Churchill Mining demonstrated the effectiveness of ad hoc tribunals in resolving disputes involving substantial investments and state actions. This case underscored the necessity for fair and impartial dispute resolution mechanisms in maintaining investor confidence. Both international investment arbitrations and ad hoc tribunals help mitigate the regulatory complexities that characterize Southeast Asia. They offer legal certainty and predictability, which are crucial for businesses operating in multiple jurisdictions with varying legal frameworks. These institutions also play a role in managing geopolitical tensions by providing a mechanism for peaceful resolution of disputes, thereby contributing to regional stability and cooperation. The evolving economic landscape in Southeast Asia, marked by rapid digitalization and technological advancements, requires robust legal frameworks to support and sustain growth. International investment arbitrations and ad hoc tribunals are integral to this process, as they help ensure that the legal and regulatory environments keep pace with economic developments. Their role in providing a fair and efficient means of resolving disputes is indispensable for fostering an environment where trade can flourish. In conclusion, international investment arbitrations and ad hoc courts and tribunals are vital to the growth and stability of services trade in Southeast Asia. They provide the legal infrastructure necessary to navigate the region's opportunities and challenges, ensuring that trade continues to be a driving force for economic development. As Southeast Asia continues to evolve economically, the importance of these institutions in maintaining a stable and predictable trade environment cannot be overstated.

The abstract delves into the intricate relationship between the reliance of Amazonian traditional peoples and communities on international legal mechanisms, and how the historical and structural violations of their territories manifest within the Amazon region. Despite Brazil's rich cultural and ecological tapestry, the legacy of colonization, marked by the absence of protective policies for original peoples and traditional communities, underscores a disturbing continuity of exploitation and neglect. The work of Sebastião Salgado, a renowned social documentarian, serves as a poignant lens through which these issues are examined, offering a visual sociology that transcends mere observation to become a catalyst for social mobilization. Salgado's photography, characterized by its profound humanism, does not merely document the hardships faced by marginalized communities but actively participates in the discourse on social justice and environmental conservation. His projects, including notable works on the Amazon, reveal the daily realities of those living on the fringes of society, challenging the viewer to confront the banality of suffering in the modern world. Salgado's ability to bridge the gap between distant realities and the global audience underscores the potential of documentary photography as a tool for advocacy and change. The essay, drawing inspiration from Salgado's approach, aims to address the systemic issues plaguing the Amazon and its inhabitants. By focusing on the impacts of historical injustices and the current challenges faced by traditional communities, the workshop seeks to explore avenues for redress that prioritize the voices and needs of those directly affected. This entails a critical examination of international legal frameworks and their efficacy in safeguarding the rights and territories of Amazonian peoples. The goal is to foster a discourse that not only highlights the plight of these communities but also mobilizes support for sustainable and equitable solutions. Central to this discussion is the recognition of the Amazon's significance as both a cultural and ecological treasure. The essay emphasizes the interconnectedness of human rights and environmental protection, advocating for a holistic approach to addressing the challenges faced by the Amazon. By integrating the concerns of traditional communities into broader environmental conservation efforts, the workshop advocates for policies that are not only inclusive but also cognizant of the complex dynamics at play in the region. In conclusion, the essay, inspired by Sebastião Salgado's impactful work, seeks to shine a light on the overlooked narratives of Amazonian traditional peoples and communities. Through a comprehensive examination of the role of international legal mechanisms and the importance of prioritizing indigenous voices, the workshop aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to protect both the cultural heritage and the natural beauty of the Amazon. This abstract calls for a renewed commitment to justice, equality, and sustainability in the face of longstanding challenges, urging stakeholders to reconsider their approach to environmental conservation and human rights in the Amazon region.

This ongoing judicial practice, framed within the JJ Act and the UNCRC, continues to fill the legislative gap, providing guidance to litigants and courts on handling international child custody disputes. This notable trend of finding alternate solutions for return of removed children till India signs the 1980 Hague Convention on Abduction, is an offshoot of protecting the best interest of the child secured by the UNCRC. Aided by principles of comity of courts, determination of best interest by jurisdiction of closest contact relief is found in law enacted under the UNCRC umbrella.

Presentation by Ankit Malhotra, Advocate, LLM, Felix Scholar (2022-2023), School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. This Paper and Presentation were presented at the International Society of Family Law, Caribbean Regional Conference on Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) at 35 years- A Promise Kept or ‘A Dream Deferred’ on 13 November 2024.

This paper examines the legislative and judicial approaches of BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) toward the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, focusing on the public policy exception. Despite the ratification of the New York Convention by these countries, enforcement remains inconsistent due to divergent interpretations of public policy. This inconsistency poses challenges to international investors seeking reliable dispute resolution mechanisms. The paper highlights the need for a harmonized approach to public policy within the BRICS framework to enhance their attractiveness as investment destinations. By establishing universal principles for public policy and potentially creating an inter-regional arbitration council, BRICS countries can foster a more predictable and investor-friendly environment.

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), with a specific focus on provisional measures, advisory opinions, and the role of intervening states, through the lens of contributions from Australian and New Zealand judges. The ICJ, as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, plays a pivotal role in the development of international law, resolving disputes between states, and offering advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized international organs and agencies. The unique perspectives of judges from Australia and New Zealand, countries with a rich tradition of engagement in international law, offer invaluable insights into the practice and evolution of the ICJ's jurisprudence. The paper begins by examining the ICJ's mechanism for issuing provisional measures, which are essential for preventing irreparable harm to parties pending the final decision in contentious cases. It evaluates the criteria for granting such measures and their binding nature, highlighted through cases involving Australian and New Zealand participation, either directly as parties or through judges’ contributions. Further, the paper delves into the ICJ's advisory opinions, which, although not binding, carry significant weight and influence on the development of international law. The analysis covers how advisory opinions have been utilized by various international organizations and the impact of Australian and New Zealand jurists on shaping these opinions and their subsequent implications for international law and global governance. Additionally, the role of intervening states in ICJ proceedings is scrutinized. Intervention allows third states with an interest in the subject matter of a dispute to participate in the proceedings. This segment explores the strategic use of intervention by states, including Australia and New Zealand, to influence the outcome of cases and contribute to the development of international legal norms. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the broader implications of the ICJ's jurisprudence for the international legal order, particularly in areas of provisional measures, advisory opinions, and state intervention. It highlights the contributions of Australian and New Zealand judges in enriching the ICJ's jurisprudence and underscores the importance of continued engagement by states in the ICJ's processes to foster the development of a coherent and effective international legal system. Through this analysis, the paper aims to shed light on the dynamic role of the ICJ in addressing contemporary challenges in international law and the significant influence of national jurisprudence in shaping the global legal landscape.